Assessment Centres: Advantages and Disadvantages

Appraisal Centers: Advantages and Disadvantages Appraisal focuses were presented at the center of the twentieth century. It additionally gives the thought and utilization of appraisal focus. It uses to check the capacity and abilities of the representatives. History of appraisal focuses investigate, how and why evaluation focuses help us to acknowledge, what the first client were attempting to get and in what manner can be surveyed the aptitudes, mentalities, individual aptitudes and capacities just as information on the members with the assistance of meeting, activities and driving practice. Essentially, the inception of evaluation focuses began for the choice of the fighter in the Germany. That time there was an extraordinary disappointment between the limits of the nations because of the environment of the war, and each nation needed to get Renown on different nations. In this way, evaluation focuses used to check the capacity and nature of the representatives, and alluded the situation as indicated by his insight and abilities. We can be seen sure model since the commencement. Germany used to check the capacity and execution to choose the officials. In the book Spies and Saboteurs, by Dr W.J.Morgan (1955, London Victor Gollancz Ltd), the writer portray how a German clinician, Dr Simoneit watched official playing out an assortment of undertakings. The obligations of evaluation focuses were to check the capacities careful various ramifications of test and activities. It additionally checked the rate and standard of the officials and as per this, the advancements have been reported by the military. This procedure had been begun on the grounds that; it demonstrated the presentation and their advancements. It additionally investigated the specific reasons, why certain workplaces didn't uncover or continue in the manner. They would have been advanced once. After this, the appraisal places rose up out of Germany to USA. USA was one of the quickly developing economies and USA used to pass judgment on the capacity of the government operative. It additionally utilized select the officials for knowledge. For checking of mental capacity of officials they utilized further examination of mental and logical technique had been to include the work by evaluation focuses. The idea of appraisal focuses populated in various economy starting with one side of the world then onto the next piece of the world. English Government checks the characteristics of on board determination advisory group and testing strategy. English government included more tests and activities dissecting the ability, British were pioneers to include the physical and mental tests during a meetings and determinations for representatives. Dr WJ Morgan represents that it is the manner by which you played out your undertakings, regardless of whether as an individual or inside a gathering, that issues not how rapidly an activity was finished. With the section of the time, it development and, diverse business have been embraced by various nations. At that point most organizations utilized the evaluation places to surveying the hold occupations to workers. Be that as it may, in some cases man has greater capacity yet at the position once in a while, it very well may be appeared by an association. In this issue the appraisal places help the association just as to developed the capacities of the workers and the representatives have better chances to do best. It is correct that an evaluation habitats began for militaries predisposition to check the capacities yet now it regular in the middle of each part of the existence, for example, organizations and other open help too. Presently in this period, there is an incredible rivalry on the planet, thus, it is difficult assignment to check the abilities of any workers. So in this issue evaluation focuses is useful to check the capacities and abilities through the meetings and activities the character of the representatives. (http://www.psychometric-success.com/faq/faq-appraisal focus origin.htm) Presentation OF ASSESSMENT CENTERS: An Assessment Centers doesn't allude to an area, Characterize ASSESSMENT CENTERS : It very well may be conveniently characterized as A strategy for surveying fitness and execution; applied to a gathering of members via prepared assessors utilizing different inclination symptomatic procedures so as to acquire data about candidates capacities or improvement potential. Evaluation Centers are generally used in the underlying phases of the choice procedure; this is expected enormous measure of time and consumption engaged with it. This is trailed by beginning prospective employee meet-up. Appraisal focuses include gathering in one spot a few applicants who going after a similar job and getting them through a wide range of tests. They can be worked more than one day, yet normally include a short-term remain. Evaluation Centers are viewed as one of the best methods of recognizing top up-and-comers wholl manage everything well with others and fit in with the associations culture. As indicated by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Developments Recruitment, Retention and Turnover 2009 Survey, 34% of bosses currently use evaluation Centers while enrolling directors, experts and graduates. (http://www.psychometric-success.com/psychometric-tests/psychometric-tests-appraisal centers.htm) Execution OF ASSESSMENT CENTERS: Execution of appraisal focuses ought to be done appropriately. At the point when the structure and substance of the evaluation place have been built up, the issues included are sorting out, overseeing and provide legitimate guidance. The evaluation communities ought to have a scope of exercises that permit possibility to exhibit show competency more than once over the span of the inside. The scope of exercises should considered activities that example work substance and mirror genuine circumstances. The appraisal places ought to have diverse office heads which can oversee such a large number of competitors or an excessive number of activities and keep up a reasonable proportion of assessors to up-and-comers. The evaluation communities ought to have legitimate clear objective at the top of the priority list with the goal that they make the progress. Receive a competency-based methodology with evaluation measures proper to the objective job. Preparing is important for assessors in specialized territories, for example, perception and meeting methods, and raises their consciousness of assorted variety issues. Input ought to be given to both the effective just as ineffective applicants. The evaluation places exercises ought to routinely revive to keep away from over-recognition with respect to competitors and assessors. Structure OF A SUCCESSFUL ASSESSMENT CENTER: The effective evaluation place is very much characterized on how well it has been structured. Before structuring its best to audit the nature and motivation behind an appraisal place. The significant component is to consider the aptitudes and capacities evaluated are really applicable to the activity being referred to. An appraisal place is above and beyond in determination method, it is held either on managers premises or in an inn, which ordinarily keeps going a couple of days. The procedure which typically includes in structuring is as per the following: While planning the appraisal place the time span of the middle is mulled over. For example, for senior a great many people, one day probably won't be adequate. The second most significant rules is the area of the evaluation place, which manages the best possible environmental factors and availability for applicants. Make a Task rundown and match with jobs and objectives given by the organization. Make a poll identified with the assignment list. Utilize the capabilities well through information and abilities. Various TYPES OF COMPETENCIES: Various abilities by and large are created as system to be utilized as a kind of perspective or asset. The reason for the assets database is to help clients to recognize the many existing competency-based assets presently being used. The database isn't thorough, however contains various instances of the assets that were tapped to distinguish capabilities in the advancement of the high development businesses. A competency is exhibited or aced in a vocation and can be effortlessly moved to another activity. These assets by and large contain elucidating data about the information, aptitudes, and capacities required for accomplishment in the field. Administrative Competencies: The skills which are viewed as significant for staff with administrative or administrative obligation with sizeable financial plan to oversee, which incorporates executives and senior posts. Some administrative skills could be progressively significant for explicit fields; anyway they are applied in the association. These capabilities include: 1) Team authority 2) Change the board 3) Analysis and dynamic. 4) Interpersonal affectability. Specialized/Functional Competencies: Some particular capabilities which are thought about to play out any employment in the association inside a characterized specialized or useful zone of work. Those capabilities are as per the following: 1) Industrial procedure segments. 2) Finance and organization 3) Human asset the executives and ecological administration. Conventional Competencies: Abilities which are viewed as fundamental for all staff, paying little mind to their capacity or level include: 1) Communication program execution. 2) Processing instruments. 3) Business mindfulness. 4) Achievement and inspiration. STEPS INVOLVED FOR SUCCESSFUL ASSESSMENT Center: The evaluation community ought to be clear about the destinations. They ought to have a legitimate arranging and sorting out of the considerable number of offices which are engaged with them for a few days. The assessor should search for various skills which are being assessed in the appraisal place. At the point when the assessor is surveying the competitors working condition is thought about. The evaluation places ought to be notable for their great and distinctive assortment of activity with the goal that the applicants feel roused. The indispensable advance required for effective evaluation place is offering input to everyone. Fruitful just as those up-and-comers who didn't get chose. Principle ELEMENTS OF ASSEMENTS CENTERS: Components of appraisal focuses are utilized in anglicizing and focusing in on significant practices to be surveyed and assessed. The evaluation place use diffe

The Asian Financial Crises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The Asian Financial Crises - Essay Example The outcome was an a lot further Crisis than was essential or unavoidable ( Radelet and Sachs, 1998, p 12). † Asian money related emergencies prompted the advancement of innovation or brain research. Likewise, the accessibility of credit prompted the making of an utilized financial condition and prompted increments in the costs of advantages for a level which the Asian nations couldn't support. The expansion in resource costs, finally, fallen, causing organizations and people to neglect to meet their obligation commitments. On the off chance that it couldn't be for the falling of the organizations and associations, the Asian nations would be a long ways ahead with improvements. The withdrawal of credits by the banks additionally assumed a significant job being developed in Asian nations. The legislature of these nations needed to execute new methodologies that would not prompt declining of the ways of life of the individuals. They looked to obtain from the IMF and to discount at a specific intrigue. Moreover, the trade markets were inundated with outside monetary forms, henceforth deterioration on their monetary forms. So as to forestall loss of estimation of their monetary standards, the Asian nation's administration raised their financing costs so they could draw in outside speculators. These legislatures likewise interceded in the trade showcases by purchasing the overabundance monetary standards in the market at a fixed rate however neither of every one of these strategies was continued for long. Without the frenzy and disease, the Asian nations were so steady and they were to be among the main created nations on the planet. ‘‘ truth be told, a socially unreasonable reaction as in, without the frenzy, the circumstance was sensibly steady - the obligation could have been reimbursed on conceivable suppositions about the monetary exhibition of organizations, banks, and economies (Wade, 1998, p 2). †

Dont Upgrade

Dont Upgrade The newest, latest, greatest version of Product X is available today. It’s only X dollars and it does all the cool things you wish it could do. Act now and Product X will change your life. We know we don’t need Product X to live a good life (even though we really, really want it). We know we don’t have to buy the new iPhone when our old phone works just fine. We know we don’t need a new car just because the old one isn’t as shiny, just as we know we don’t need the latest version of software, iPad, television, laptop, or gadget to make us happy. Advertisers spend millions to create a sense of urgency to make us drool over their products, but we can refuse to play that game. We can turn down the noise. We can focus on what we have instead of what we don’t have. We already have everything we need. Sure, sometimes things break or wear outâ€"and when that happens, we are left with at least three options: Go without. This option is almost taboo in our culture. It seems radical to many people: Why would I go without when I could just buy a new one? Often this option is the best option, though: when we go without, it forces us to question our stuffâ€"it forces us to discover whether or not we need itâ€"and sometimes we discover life without it is actually better than before. Repair it. Sometimes we can’t necessarily go without. But, instead of running out and procuring Product X, we can attempt to repair the item first. You wouldn’t buy a new car just because the brakes needed to be replaced, would you? The same goes for many other household items. Replace it. As a last resort, we can replace things. But even when we do, we can do so mindfully: we can purchase used items, we can buy products from local businesses, or we can downgrade and still have what’s necessary to live a fulfilling life. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Deforestation And Its Effects On The Environment - 1120 Words

To start off, thirty percent of the world’s land are forests. (Anonymous, para. 1). However, the number of forests are dwindling down due to the deforestation that happens every year. Deforestation is â€Å"the act or result of cutting down or burning all the trees in an area† (Anonymous). Unfortunately, this damages the land. Deforestation has many factors of what causes the loss of trees. There are agriculture farmers that cut down trees to have more acres to grow more plants or to have more livestock. The trees are used for paper products. The trees are usually chopped down to make room for more homes since the urban living is increasing. Sometimes deforestation is an accident. A wildfire can happen by people or the forest is too dry. Trees are not able to grow because of an erosion. Deforestation has many effects towards the environment. â€Å"Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests† (Anonymous, para. 6). Since species live in the forest, they would lose their homes which leads to millions of species of not having a place to live. The species can die out or become instinct. This messes up the life cycle for the forest because there can be more animals that harms the forest like gnawing on trees which can be harmful. Not only does it affect the species habitat, it can affect the climate. If the trees are chopped down, the sun blares down on the other plants which can dry the plants since the soil will lose its natural moisture. Since the plants areShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Deforestation On The Environment845 Words   |  4 Pagesdo to protect the environment? Our planet is shifting, we need to help it change for the better. There are many effects that can change our Globe in a shocking manner but, the good news is each individual can contribute to make a better world for our children. People across the world acquired, use, and dispose enormous multiplicity of products which helps to build our lives easier and more comfortable. However, the outcome of this can make massive damage to our environment. Working together withRead MoreEffects Of Deforestation On The Environment1389 Words   |  6 PagesDeforestation is one of the many problems this world faces today. Many people are unaware of how harmful deforestation can be towards the environment and the animals that inhabit the area. Many people don’t even know what deforestation is and that it’s actually happening. To sum it all up, deforestation is the process of destroying forests by cutting them down or burning the trees down, destroying hundreds of acres in order to make more land available for other uses thinking that the benefits outweighRead MoreThe Effects Of Deforestation On The Environment1379 Words   |  6 Pagesyou no choice but to run through the forest. Being separated from family members, all alone in the african desert with no home left. This issue is happening all over the place for many b eloved animals yet not much is being done about it at all. Deforestation is a major issue for animals, forests are a huge source of oxygen for the wildlife surrounding them. â€Å"80% of the animals in the world live in or around forests†(National Geographic, Munita) there has been a huge increase for many species goingRead MoreDeforestation And Its Effects On The Environment1616 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Webster dictionary defines deforestation as the action or process of clearing of forests. It occurs when humans desire to make use of land covered by forest for other purposes. This clearing of tree is concerning due to the fact that trees are being cut down at a rate much greater then they can grow back. This is called overshot, and can have a devastating impact on the environment. There is an estimated loss of 18 million acres of forest each year. That is roughly equivalent to the sizeRead MoreThe Effects Of Deforestation On The Environment915 Words   |  4 Pagesongoing environmental issues, which include water shortages, soil erosion and deforestation. The soil erosion has been caused by an excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. Deforestation has been a detrimental issue because of the large amounts of agricultural and land clearing, and not to mention the over use of wood products for fuel purposes, without replanting new growth. Another leading cause of deforestation i s forest fires caused by man, whether it’s intentional or accidental. Water shortagesRead MoreDeforestation And Its Effects On The Environment912 Words   |  4 PagesRainforests today are disappearing at an alarming rate as a result of deforestation for commercial purposes such as logging, agriculture, and livestock and the probable solution are becoming far from realistic as the expansion becomes bigger and bigger. Every year, an estimated 18 million acres are destroyed for various reasons, including paper, timber. An average of two football field sizes of precious rainforest are torn down, killing millions of animals and destroying valuable pharmaceutical plantsRead MoreThe Effects Of Deforestation On The Environment953 Words   |  4 PagesAir Pollution Deforestation has been an ongoing activity in both the North and South Island in relatively equal measures. Since New Zealand was inhabited, Maori and European settlers have exploited the forests in New Zealand, reducing them from 82% to 23% of the surface area throughout the country. (Ewersa et al,, 2006). This is a great volume of vegetation which has been removed from the earth’s surface. In return, many harmful impacts are being imposed on the environment. One of these is the increasedRead MoreDeforestation of Our Rainforests931 Words   |  4 PagesThe most destructive and harmful tragedy that our rainforests, specifically the Amazon, suffer from is deforestation. Deforestation is the clearing or destruction of land throughout forests. Unfortunately, human beings are the number one cause of deforestation throughout the world. The reason if this is simply because we use the wood mainly for things like hydroelectric dams that power communities, palm oil for its biofuel res ourcefulness, and the mining for diamond and gold. Another reason wouldRead MoreDeforestation And Environment1402 Words   |  6 Pages Deforestation is an increasing global crisis and is mainly caused by human actions. Forests cover approximately 31% of the area on the planet (Deforestation, n.d.). Deforestation is the destruction of a wide area of forest land into a cleared land that is used for a variety of reasons. The impact on the environment from cutting down, burning and damaging forests is very detrimental and there are severe consequences for the environment and future generations due to deforestation. According to theRead MoreCause And Effect Of Deforestation1259 Words   |  6 Pages2 28 October 2015 Cause and Effect of Deforestation Deforestation is a problem that does not concern many people, but it is an issue that the people of Earth need to deal with. In the past 50 years deforestation has increased a significant amount, but people around the world have been removing the forests since the 1600s. The forests remaining are in danger as the human population goes up, the need for resources will also increase and this will make the deforestation of the last forests come quicker

Reflection Black Thursday - 551 Words

In a time where people were investing almost everything they had into the stock market because of what they had seen, even taking out mortgages on their homes to put more in and make more money the stock market took the biggest plunge it has ever taken still to this day. This day was known as â€Å"Black Thursday† on October 24th where the stock market dropped 22.6% due to people panic selling their stocks when the dow had gone down from it’s then all time high. People lost everything, their homes, their jobs, everything. When people were being evicted from their homes, there was a group of people in the Self Help Organizing and Unemployment Councils who would help you if you got evicted from your home. They would either stop it from happening or help you move your things back into your home after they had taken it. They also helped other people by picketing and notifying people by telling them what stores had too high of prices or what apartment buildings had too high rent. Another helping hand lent by people was that the government asked out of work artists (which was basically all of them at this point) to make art such as murals paintings and posters. The artists included were not just some random people found on the streets, rather, they were some of the most well known artists as of today such as Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and many lesser known artists. The jobs created by the government for these artists could have sparked their career or kept them goingShow MoreRelatedDiscovering The American Past : The Port Royal Experiment, 1861-1865 ( 237-274 )1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthe American Past: Ch 10: â€Å"No More Pint o’ Salt for Me†: The Port Royal Experiment, 1861-1865 (237-274) In Class Read: 1. Problem 237-238 Task: Analyze evidence in order to answer the following two questions A. Would the Sea Island blacks be able to use the educational, economic, and military opportunities made available to them to become knowledgeable, responsible, and productive citizens of the United States? B. Would they be able to dispel the widespreadRead MoreEssay about Children’s Literature in Jamaica4155 Words   |  17 Pagessound of our parent’s voices echoing in our dreams. As we start to grow older and the poetry of Shel Silverstein’s, Where the Sidewalk Ends no longer holds our imagination as much as it did at eight years old, we begin to read stories that are a reflection of the environment we live within. We engaged ourselves in the lives of such characters as the Hardy Boys and Willy Wonka. What these stories lacked however, are the social issues that are ever present in today’s society. Not all of AmericanRead More Short Story Essay example947 Words   |  4 Pagesslowly down the dusty stairway humming to herself along the way. She was one of those people who was always stringing words together to make tunes, this was her one escape from reality, well that and long walks along the quarry side on Thursday afternoons. She moved slowly and gracefully through the hallway and into the dinning room. â€Å"Samantha Jane Smith, you’re late again! Well what have you got to say for yourself?† â€Å"I’m really sorry Mrs Longhurst† â€Å"IsRead MoreEssay on Blakes The Songs of Innocence1353 Words   |  6 Pageslighter tones of Songs of Innocence. When we look at the poems in Songs of Innocence and Experience, we see that while Blake reveals both the light and dark aspects of the human existence, we also see that this dichotomy is not always a finite, black and white generalization. That is, Blake emphasizes that both the innocent and experienced states of the human soul are achievable at any moment, regardless of age, past actions, or station in life. This reinforces the idea that Blake’s conceptionRead MoreReflections from the Yearbook Editor757 Words   |  3 PagesAs Yearbook Editor, I feel that the theme took a toll on the class. Day by day, we worked on font color, spacing, backgrounds, and more. Our job was not a simple task, for we had to work double time. The class stayed after school on Mondays and Thursdays, during a teacher work day, and on Saturdays. The reason Yearbook stayed afterschool was that we were behind because of our own ideas. The theme, Clash and Trash Wonderland, varied many times. At first, we decided to have crazy characters andRead MoreSatire Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesYour Traditional Pre-Black Friday Newsletter So the last two newsletters, in my opinion, were a pleasant diversion and definitely cathartic for me! Soaring rhetoric and amazing separation of independent clauses with perfectly placed semi-colons, passing references to Zero Mostel, zombie apocalypses, orange urine, loan calculations; plus, an obscure Bible reference, regarding seed sowing and free range donkeys. However, no matter how high you fly, someone always seems to be there ready, willingRead MoreWhat Is the Rational of Planning for Development in Developing Countries1460 Words   |  6 Pageswhat is the rationale for development planning in developing countries? by Vincent Siwawa on Thursday, April 5, 2012 at 6:48pm  · Among the various purposes oor reasons for developmemt planning in developing countries include, market failures, foriegn aid, resource mobilisationand allocation, attittudianl or psychological impact, the need to get direction, to measure progress, nation building through public participation, to avoid conflicts and prevent resource from being wasted and intergrationRead MoreRacial, Ethnic, And Cultural History Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesimmigration that can get help. â€Å"Asians and Hispanics will see the most dramatic increases between now and mid-century, when the U.S. population will have grown by almost 50 percent to reach 420 million, according to Bureau projections being released Thursday.† (Cosgrove-Mather, 2004) The challenges we face will be in the Untied States will be right as the human being, the racism that will come to people, and that we are such judgment to other people. That we have a hard time to look past other becauseRead MoreWhat Is the Rational of Planning for Development in Developing Countries1444 Words   |  6 Pageswhat is the rationale for development planning in developing countries? by Vincent Siwawa on Thursday, April 5, 2012 at 6:48pm  · Among the various purposes oor reasons for developmemt planning in developing countries include, market failures, foriegn aid, resource mobilisationand allocation, attittudianl or psychological impact, the need to get direction, to measure progress, nation building through public participation, to avoid conflicts and prevent resource from being wastedRead MoreWhat Did Cedric s High School Fail Help Provide Him With An Excellent Education?1241 Words   |  5 Pagesessay. Now he finds himself asking the same question, Who is Cedric?, but isn t as sure about the answer as he once was. He goes for a walk and stops at the Salvation Army to look at clothes, buying himself a beige wool overcoat. When he sees his reflection, he is surprised at how much he looks like his father. On the street, ee asks an older white man driving an Infiniti Q30 about his car and the man drives away scared. Cedric considers W.E.B. DuBois idea of double consciousness: that African Americans

Organizational Theory Free Essays

There have been numerous studies regarding how the influence of technology has brought about change to the structure of an organization as well as its processes. Many of the studies have concluded that the organizational structure is strongly affected by the principal technology which the organization uses. (Volt, 2005) Technology, In simple terms, Is seen as the conversion of Inputs Into outputs using machines, equipments and processes. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now It Is a system based on the use of knowledge and organization, evident in physical objects for the attainment of precise goals. However, with the coming along of new technologies, as well as postmodernist and symbolic-interpretative, it has further expanded on how we think of technology to include it into the arts and social practice. This essay will look in the modernist and postmodernist perspective which will provide the different views as to how technology, organizations, management and employees are related. The modernist perspective sees ontology as objectivism. What this means Is that they believe In the reality which exists externally outside the Influence of humans. They see the world as something which Is not subjected to others authority, walling to be covered. They believe that technology brings about value for the organization and that technology will decide the structure of an organization. Epistemology wise, modernist see it as positivism. They have a preference towards ‘hard’ data such as numbers. An assumption made would be that with the application of scientific method, it is possible to find the truth about certain events. This would then allow knowledge to best tested against the objective world. With the accumulation of knowledge, humans are than able to progress further and eventually evolve. Modernists adopt the General Systems Theory which is influenced by Mile Deuterium’s structural functionalism. They are concerned with what are the factors that bring Individuals and groups together. The concept of division of labor, central to concept of social structure Is the core concept for the modernist. They believe In the quantitative methods of research. When studying organization as a whole, It must be noted that the level of analysis would be the organization and the subsystems and super system are the departments and environment respectively. The goal is to ultimately help reproduce the larger system by understanding the ‘laws’ which over these systems and how an activity is being performed by the various subsystems. Modernists believe that the fulfillment of a purpose by an organization is closely related with technology to the environment. The increased improvements that technology constantly brings make it a special human venture. The example of us humans wanting to own the latest possible gadgets can be used for this instance. This brings about the creation of a market Indirectly. The advances in technology are believed to bring about advances to an organization, positively and their level of steady Improvement can be measured by Its technological advancement. Definitions of technology can be broken down Into core, high and service. Core technology simply refers to constant flow of resources that are dealt directly with the production of the intangible services which are consumed as products. Moving on, the modernist perspectives look into 3 most dominant typologies that emphasizes on how the dimensions of an organizational design is being influenced by technology. The first typology would be Joan Woodward’s Industrial Organization (1965). She basically conducted tests to see if organizational principles were actually put into use. It was also shown that compatibility of companies organizing themselves with technology was commercially successful. She found out that performance were of the highest levels when technologies of mass production were put together with mechanistic forms of organization. Also, the highest level of performance was achieved when technologies dealing with small batch or continuous processing were combined with organic firms. However, one limitation of her typology was that the technologies involved in the sector of service were ignored. The second typology was James Thompson Organizations in Action (1967). Basically e suggested that the type of technology, which was different depending on the ‘degree of interdependence in the transformation process’, affects the structure of an organization. He distinguished between long linked, mediating and intensive. Long linked is technologies deal with mass production and continuous processing. It is when an input is being put on one end of a long series of steps which happens in sequence which will end with the output. Mediating is technologies involved in bringing people together for exchange. Examples include those working in banks or insurance companies whose purpose of to bring customers together for exchange. Intensive technologies involve more than 1 specialized skill, for example, hospital emergency rooms or research labs. To put in simply, it is when there is a unique input and the end result will be a customized output. The third typology is the Charles Proper Organizational Analysis (1970). He studied the reasons why the complexities of technologies are higher than others and how it can lead to uncertainty. These uncertainties are in terms of the quality of inputs and whether they are available, and also variability involved in the transformation process. A technology with a higher level of complexity will lead to a higher amount f uncertainty. This will also lead to decisions which are less programmed and the use of discretion will be higher. There are 2 factors which will influence the complexity of technology. They are task variability and task inalienability. Task variability is the number of exceptions to standard procedures encountered in the application of given theory and task inalienability is the extent which, an exception is encountered, there are known methods to deal with it’. Hatch and Councils, 2013) These 3 typologies that have been used demonstrated how an organizational structure is affected by the different technologies. The production technologies chosen must be matched with organizational forms and also the success of an organization would be obtained if the structures and procedures are suitable to the productive technology which has been employed. The structure of an organization technology that are used for their transformation. I shall now move on to the postmodernist perspective. Ontologically, they believe that reality is merely Just an ‘illusion’ which, through language and discourse, is created. ‘The world is said to be made to appear in language, discourse and artwork with no referents because there is nothing to which to refer’. Hatch and Councils, 2013) This is clearly against what the modernist perspective said. Epistemologically, post modernist believes that there can be no truth about reality, since there is no independence to it. The use of language is used to enforce power and social arrangements whilst organizations are merely, ‘imagined’ entities. Postmodernists believe that technology can be a destructive process which can cause a change or the downfall of established organizational roles and values. They believe that technology is a form of control. An example that can be used for this statement s the British manufacturers working in the textile industry who wanted to introduce more machines but this move was greatly objected by the workers as they are afraid of the impact on their Jobs and skills if it happened. There are 3 aspects with regards to conceptions of technology by the postmodernist. Firstly would be the technologies of representation. This is basically Just the technologies involved to represent individuals and work processes. Examples would include electronic data and photographs which can all be used to control employees. This brings about fear which the future might bring. This fear is brought about by he expected growth of ‘equivalence’ which can track almost everything, from the keystroke made to the websites accessed. All this will lead to the higher possibility of online accounts being hacked into which will ultimately lead to the capturing of one’s identity and codes. The second aspect is the technologies of control. This is when the value for highest level of performance achieved by the reduction of energy being expended while increasing output to its maximum capacity and is often brought about by decisions of values linked to a person or institution which are based on their contribution to efficiency. However, a disadvantage is that since integrity and fairness are not clearly in relations to efficiency, it brings about the neglecting of truth and Justice. Adding on, knowledge will be changed into a commodity by technology as the acceptable knowledge can be spread by the computer. The last aspect would be civilization. This is a hybridism kind of organization which is known to be of a techno-human’ construct. This occurs when an organization is being taken over by computers or electromechanical instruments, be it in whole or Just by part. The organization is being determined not only by canines, but also by the human intervention. There are dangers involved in civilization. One of which would be technology being abused and misused. Instead of technology serving the organization which is the main point of it, organizational technology, individuals from an organization would tend to expect more from it despite the limitations of how much it can actually deliver. The social and human factors also will be inferior to the capacities technologically. Additionally, according to a French philosopher that influences post-modernism is Michel Faculty, it is power related with regards to all social, political and organization relations. The relations of power do not act according to any reasonable logic or contested system. There is bound to be resistance whenever there is power involved. Employees will find way to go around the loopholes that are present in the organization. However, resistance can never lead to freedom from restraint since all social relations are in relations to power. There is no way to resist domination. Postmodernist organizations make use of surveillance mechanisms which is to control the members within the organization. This includes closed-circuit television, monitoring of computer usage and mandatory diaries. These will lead to self- surveillance since members will know that they are being monitored which will lead to dehumidifying conditions. All the points in postmodernist perspective that have been talked about draws attention to not only social, but also the historical and political creation of knowledge, humans and relations socially. This would include how every one of these will appear in the present-day organizations. When domination is supported, humans and organizations will be at the losing end if they overlook the construction activities by regarding the existing world as rational and neutral. Technology might be selected since it meets the necessary needs of power holders within the organization and not because of its natural superiority. The postmodernist are not all against the technology computer brings. They believe it encourages democracy and also believe it is an essential tool with regards to the economy, environment and political resistance. In conclusion, it can be seen that the modernist insights with regards to the relations between technology, organizations, management and employees are different from what the postmodernist perspective has to offer. Modernists believe that technology rings about different effects to the structure of an organization and the correct kind of productive technology employed will bring about the highest levels of performance. The post modernist on the other hand, sees technology as a form of power. They believe that the usage of surveillance as a form of control over its members will lead to self-surveillance. This is true to a certain extent but it also leads to a kind of dehumidifying condition since employees are then expected to take extra precaution when doing something in the workplace since their every move is being monitored. How to cite Organizational Theory, Papers

Fonderia Di Torino free essay sample

In order to determine the attractiveness of the investment it is important to determine the financial impact that the new Vulcan mold-maker will have on the firm if it replaces their current machines. It will be necessary to take into consideration both quantitative and qualitative measures. This project should be considered an independent project that is accepted or rejected on its own merits. The project will be decided from a cost/benefit standpoint by looking at the projects projected discounted cash flows, the calculated NPV of the project, the IRR and PI. Finally, the projects other qualitative advantages and disadvantages must also be considered before the project is accepted or rejected. Question 1: What is the basic nature of the problem in this case? Answer: The basic nature of the problem in this case is all about capital budgeting issue that was being faced by Fonderia di Torino S. p. A. in decided to have some resources investments in order to manage their production throughputs. Managing director of this specialty foundry must decide whether to approve a major investment to automate part of her plants production process. The case presents information sufficient to build cash-flow forecasts of production costs incremental to the investment. Discounted-cash-flow (DCF) analysis reveals that the investment project is attractive but that the benefits hinge on important assumptions about the plants business volume, the managers ability to lay off workers over the objections of a labor union, and the hurdle rate. Reassigning the workers to other jobs might be easier, but the only positions needing to be filled are those of janitors, who are paid 4. 13 euros an hour. The extent of any labor savings would depend on negotiations with the union. If the workers are reassigned as janitors, NPV will decrease due to increase in labor costs. Secondly, the company is still unsure when added capacity of the new machine would be needed. The old machines currently operate at only 90 percent of capacity. The projection as to how much capacity of the new machine will be utilized; will have a considerable influence on the outcome of the NPV. Lastly, the latest economic news suggests that the economies of Europe are headed for a slowdown which will also have a strong impact on the outcome of the NPV. Question 6: Are the qualitative issues that we should address but which are not reflected in the DCF analysis? In order to determine the attractiveness of the investment it is important to determine the financial impact that the new Vulcan mold-maker will have on the firm if it replaces their current machines. It will be necessary to take into consideration both quantitative and qualitative measures.

50+ Cause and Effect Essay Topics Recommended by Experts

Got assigned a cause and effect essay? Having a topic in mind but not sure if it will be ideal for your essay? In that case, you are at the right spot. We have compiled a diverse cause and effect essay topics list for your ease and to help you understand if the topic you are having in mind is a good fit for your essay. Quick Links 1. Cause and Effect Essay Topics 1.1 Cause and Effect Essay Topics for College 1.2 Cause and Effect Essay Topics for High School 1.3 Cause and Effect Essay Topics for Middle School 1.4 Fun Cause and Effect Essay Topics 1.5 Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics 1.4 Interesting Cause and Effect Essay Topics 2. Conclusion 1. Cause and Effect Essay Topics The very first step of writing an essay is picking a topic. How would you compose your essay if there is nothing to talk and write about? Choose your topic wisely if you are looking to give your instructor an interesting read. To help you, we have compiled some lists of captivating cause and effect essay topics; go through them and we are sure that you will find something for your essay. 1.1 Cause and Effect Essay Topics for College Students Family problems have detrimental effects on sleep. Lack of communication is destructive for friendship. Are financial issues the cause of divorce in the United States? Children from broken families are more likely to end their marriage. Lack of communication leads to misunderstanding between parents and their children. A good sense of humour improves relations. Overusing social media can lead to unhappiness. Cramming does not improve grades. A good film has the ability to change a person's way of thinking. Mood swings are caused by hormonal changes. What are the primary cause and effect of the surge of technology-aided education in college students? What are the effects of standardized testing on students' decision to pursue further education? What are the causes and effects of providing advanced classes in school days? Does the usage of technology help understand complex topics better? Is homeschooling proving to be productive than the charter schools? 1.2 Cause and Effect Essay Topics for High School What is the cause of eating disorders in teenagers? Why are baby boomersaround the world always depressed: what causes this depression? Why is watching ASMR videos on YouTube satisfying and comforting? What is the cause of rivalry amongst siblings? What is the cause of fear of commitment in men? What causes some women to go back to their abusive partners? What effect does stardom have on star kids? What are the effects of growing up in a poor household? What is the cause of developing different allergies? What causes illegal immigration? What are the causes and effects of a significant fall in the number of students in college libraries? How can institutes produce better A- level students? What is the effect of a physical education program on college students? How can a civil war occur in modern society? What are the causes of a video game to be popular among a certain community? 1.3 Cause and Effect Essay Topics for Middle School What effects does smoking have on nonsmokers? Write an essay on effect topic of having overly strict parents. Influence of social media on youngsters. Analyze the cause and effects of unnecessary use of cell phones. What influence does music have on people's lives? What were the causes of american civil war? Effects of playing violent video games. What influences people to change their image? Write an effect paper about the impact of school uniform on teenagers? What makes some students bully their peers in school days? Politics of Putin against the neighboring states. Dating in schools. Dangers of earthquakes. Impact of retirement age on an individual's physical and mental health. Growing and living in poverty. 1.4 Fun Cause and Effect Essay Topics Does watching animated movies make you optimistic? Is our IQ linked with our hair color? How does social media help in overcoming shyness? Dirty rooms make us uncomfortable. Do they? Changing weather leads to changes in attire. Consuming high amount of junk food makes kids unhealthy. What are the effects of dating at a young age? How does online dating affect an individual's life? How did my favourite movie influence me? What are the effects of traveling on our life? Causes and effects of making laugh at the brand's drummers. Uploading the wrong photograph to Instagram. Causes of Harry Potter replacing Lord of the Rings and impacts of this change. Never miss a match- watch online. Is having a larger social circle on facebook an indication of being famous? Things to ease the pain when the battery gets low outside. Become a successful entrepreneur by selling funny items. Things to make a student laughing out loud. Why can't another popular engine be established like Google? Why would you mix Coke and Pepsi at breakfast? 1.5 Good Cause and Effect Essay Topics Why do students cheat in exams? What are the effects of having parents as your friends? What are the causes of schizophrenia in children? Why do most roommates not get along? What makes people procrastinate? Why are people afraid of trying? How does bad posture affect bone health? What are the effects of racism and other forms of discrimination on mental health? What makes adults enjoy Halloween more than children? Consuming energy drinks effects our dental health. The feminist movement makes women skeptic of commitment. Homelessness is mostly caused by low morale. The impact of strong thesis statement on quality of essay. Insufficient physical activity is bound to enhance the risk of a heart attack. The consumption of excessive fast food causes growth in obesity rates in the United States. What are the effects of online shopping and does it motivate people to shop more? Effects of increased usage of mobile phones in businesses. What are the causes of a video game to be popular among a certain community? Causes for purchases of phone plans or unlimited data. Effects of social media on relationships. 1.6 Interesting Cause and Effect Essay Topics Why is a big percentage of the American population living in poverty? What are the causes and effects of bankruptcy? What effects does growing up in poverty have on adults? What are the causes and effects of the rise of international adoption in Western countries? Does growing up with food insecurity have an adverse effect in producing functional adults? What happens to the country when the majority of the baby boomers reach the age for retirement? Why do men still out-earn women despite fairer gender rules in offices and organizations? Why do immigrants have a harder time in securing jobs than natural-born citizens? Does the presence of non-profit organizations have any measurable effect on the country's social problems? What is the effect of stress on medical workers? What causes high school dropouts and what are the effects? What are the causes and effects of poverty in society? The effect of industrial emissions on the environment. What causes cancer and what are its effects? The effect of poverty on educational development of children. What is the cause of waterborne disease and what are the effects? What causes hiv and how is it spread? The effects of globalization. What causes voter apathy and what are the effects? The causes and effects of drug resistance to antibiotic drugs. 2. Conclusion Hopefully you have found something interesting from these cause and effect essay topics lists. Once you have decided on the topic, you can start with the research. To write a good cause and effect essay, you need to follow some basic steps. Here is a step by step guide to write a cause and effect essay. However, if you aren't much of a writer or simply lack the time to do it, leave your troubles to 5staressays and they will take care of the rest. We have the Perfect Answer to your Write My Essay Request Probably the most difficult query for any student! The expert essay writers team at 5StarEssays is able and skilled to help you get a perfect answer for your query. They will make sure to craft an outstanding essay, worthy of getting your professor's praise and a definite 'A' grade.

What Aquatic Insects Tell Us About Water Quality

What Aquatic Insects Tell Us About Water Quality The types of insects and other invertebrates living in the worlds lakes, rivers or oceans can tell us if that water source has very high or very little water pollutants. There are a number of ways that the scientific community and environmental agencies measure water quality, such as taking the temperature of the water, testing the pH and water clarity, measuring the level of dissolved oxygen, as well as determining the levels of nutrients and toxic substances. It seems looking at insect life in the water might be the easiest and perhaps most cost-effective method especially if the surveyor can tell the difference from one invertebrate to the next upon visual examination. It can eliminate the need for frequent, costly chemical tests. Bioindicators, which are sort of like a canary in a coalmine- are living organisms that indicate the quality of their environment by their presence or absence, according to Hannah Foster, postdoctoral researcher in bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The main reason to use bioindicators is that chemical analysis of water provides only a snapshot of the quality of a body of water. Importance of Water Quality Monitoring Adverse changes to the water quality of one stream can impact all the bodies of water it touches. When water quality degrades, changes to plant, insect and fish communities may occur and can affect the entire food chain. Through water quality monitoring, communities can assess the health of their streams and rivers over time. Once baseline data on the health of a stream is collected, subsequent monitoring can help identify when and where pollution incidents occur. Using Bioindicators for Water Sampling Doing a survey of bioindicators, or biological water quality monitoring involves collecting samples of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Aquatic macroinvertebrates live in water for at least part of their life cycle. Macroinvertebrates are organisms without backbones, which are visible to the eye without the aid of a microscope. Aquatic macroinvertebrates live on, under and around rocks and sediment on the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and streams. Aquatic macroinvertebrates include species of insects, worms, snails, mussels, leeches, and crayfish. For example, sampling macroinvertebrate life in a stream when monitoring water quality is useful because these organisms are easy to collect and identify, and tend to stay in one area unless environmental conditions change. Simply put, some macroinvertebrates are highly sensitive to pollution, while others tolerate it. Certain types of macroinvertebrates found thriving in a body of water can tell you if that water is clean or polluted. Highly Sensitive to Pollution When found in high numbers, macroinvertebrates like adult riffle beetles and gilled snails can serve as bioindicators of good water quality. These creatures are usually highly sensitive to pollution. These organisms tend to require highly dissolved oxygen levels. If these organisms were once abundant, but subsequent sampling shows a decline in numbers, it may indicate that a pollution incident occurred. Other organisms that are highly sensitive to pollution include: Mayflies (nymphs)Caddisflies (larvae)Stoneflies (nymphs)Water PenniesHellgrammites (dobsonfly larvae) Somewhat Tolerant of Pollution If there is an abundance of a certain type of macroinvertebrates, like clams, mussels,  crayfish, and sowbugs, that can indicate that the water is in fair to good condition. Other macroinvertebrates that are somewhat tolerant of pollutants include: Alderflies (larvae)Dragonflies and Damselflies (nymphs)Whirligig Beetles (larvae)Riffle Beetles (larvae)Fishflies (larvae)Scuds Pollution Tolerant Certain macroinvertebrates, like leeches and aquatic worms, thrive in poor quality water. An abundance of these organisms suggests environmental conditions in a body of water have deteriorated. Some of these invertebrates use snorkels to access oxygen at the waters surface  and are less dependent on dissolved oxygen to breathe. Other pollution-tolerant macroinvertebrates include: Black Flies (larvae)Midge Flies (larvae)Lunged Snails

The Goal to Eliminate Economic Inequality Assignment

The Goal to Eliminate Economic Inequality - Assignment Example Although the focus of one country may vary from another, economists and government policymakers continue to work on policies to achieve these goals. The goal to eliminate economic inequality is one of the many established objectives focused not only within a single economy but also the whole world. Economic inequality is seen in both microeconomics and macroeconomic level. In a microeconomics perspective, it is evident through the occurrence of unemployment. Unemployment is perceived as a basic cause of inequitable distribution of income in an economy resulting in some group of citizens facing poverty while others enjoying abundance. On the other hand, inequality in a macroeconomics perspective is observed as nations differ in their endowment of economic resources. Some nations are endowed with abundant economic resources while others are left to suffer from their very minimal amount of resources. From both perspectives, we end up having two groups when we talk about our people or na tions of the world. Economic inequality results in poverty creating the divide between the rich and the poor. Poverty hinders economic growth and development. It is the root of the cause of problems such as health problems, economic distress, unemployment, and more importantly hunger. That is mainly the reason for economists and government policymakers all over the world to establish ways on alleviating if not completely eliminating poverty. With economic growth and development, there will be rising outputs and income; people are more able to meet their needs and wants. This also results in improved quality of life as greater opportunities are provided without sacrificing other opportunities and pleasures. A nation experiencing growth and development can resolve socioeconomic problems better and undertake new programs to alleviate poverty more readily without impairing existing levels of consumption, investment and public goods production (McConnell and Brue, 132). The level of econ omic growth and development of a country also reflects its position in the world economy. Countries are categorized as either developed or developing - the first being wealthy and the latter being poor. The wealthy group was composed of most of the Western European countries, Canada and the United States. Inhabitants of these regions lived (and still lived) in great affluence and consumed a large part of the world’s resources. The other group - Latin America, Asia, and Africa- was poor, underdeveloped and contained almost 75 percent of the world’s population (Appleyard and Field Jr, 381). World Bank characterized countries according to their incomes. In its annual World Development Indicators in 2000 and World Development Reports in 1999/2000, countries are grouped as low- income economies, lower-middle-income economies, upper-middle-income economies and high-income economies (World Bank, 251). Economists and government policymakers, especially those in developing coun tries began to look for reasons to explain this disparity and for ways to eliminate it. Poverty creates the disparity that is experienced by the people from developed and developing countries. There is a need to realize and address the issue of poverty especially in the continent of Africa. William Easterly worked on a paper entitled â€Å"Can the West Save Africa†

Sustainable Leadership - develope Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainable Leadership - develope - Essay Example For the development of a sustainable leadership experience, certain strategies that increase company value by taking opportunities and managing factors that affect business (Avery & Bergsteiner, 10, 2011). In order to acquire and achieve the required success, leaders must be able to interact with people, both outside the business and inside the business. They must be able to be kind and caring. Leaders should make a point of getting to know the people around them well and in a deeper level (Edge Equilibrium. 2012). Knowing people will help leaders know what they value most and who they truly are in business and outside it. Learning about other people’s basics like family members, their anniversaries or birthdays go a terrific deal in ensuring that such human interactions and connections make leaders sustainable (Szà ©kely, & Knirsch, 630, 2005). Sustainable leaders know a thing or two about innovations, and they are innovators. Knowing how to be innovative and coming up with brilliant ideas, means that as a leader, one is willing to aim higher. A sustainable leader also surrounds him with ardent innovative minds (Casserley, & Critchley, 167, 2012). A sustainable leader is flexible, in that, no matter which direction life flows, he will still remain standing strong. To be a flexible leader means that every step that is taken is towards the betterment of the business. Flexibility is essential if a leader wants to succeed in business since just as life flows uncertainly, so does business, and it is the leaders’ responsibility to guide it down the right path. A sustainable leader plans and prepares for succession. This will ensure that for effective succession, those who follow them are more dynamic and have the potential and will to maintain the momentum for improvement. A sustainable leader has a clear vision and target that he wishes to accomplish within a speculated amount of time. They use their

Road Traffic Accidents In Oman

Road Traffic Accidents In Oman RTAs are the direct cause of three-quarters of all accidental deaths of people between the ages of 15 and 24 years (ROP, 2005). In 2005,688 men, women and children were killed and 6,500 injured in 9247 crashes. There have been nearly 45,000 injured since the year 2000. For every death in a road accident, 2 to 3 young people are permanently disabled (ROP, 2010). Factors Influencing THE High Prevalence of RTAs in Oman Socioeconomic Factors In the last three decades, a large economic growth in the Arabian Gulf countries including Oman took place, due to the discovery of oil. Many aspects of life changed shortly after that. There was a sudden increase both in population and in the number of vehicles and that was also accompanied by a rapid expansion of road construction. All these economic factors have changed many aspects of life and have given the public the opportunity to own private cars ( Bener and Jadaan, 1992), which consequently led to the increased number of accidents around the country. However, the different socioeconomic family condition within the country had its effect on the likelihood of a child or young adult being killed or injured in an RTA. From my personal experience, as a native Omani, children and young adults from a rich families will be using private transport to get to school while the low socioeconomic state family children go to school either by walking or using public transport which, accordi ng to WHO (2007) put them at a higher risk of being involved in an RTA. Behaviour The behaviour of the road user clearly constitutes an important risk factor for RTAs. In Oman careless driving and excess speed are identified as the main causes of RTAs ( ROP, 2010), especially among the age group 15 to 25 years. This age is identified with its complex interaction in terms of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial developmental processes, which result in greater risk-taking (Johnson and Jones 2010). On the other hand, women in Oman are over cautious drivers, which is likely to confuse other road users by their hesitation and thus precipitate a RTA (ROP, 2010). Public Policy The law and the road legislative authority have established a lot of regulations to improve road users safety, like the compulsory wearing of front seat belts, implementation of speed limits and the prohibiting the use of mobile phones during driving (ROP, 2010). However, based on my knowledge and experience, those legislations are loosely applied, which leads to a poor compliance by the community. A study was carried out to examine seat belt wearing in cars entering the Sultan Qaboos University complex on a single day. The study showed that 90.1% of drivers and 80.9% of front seat passengers wore their seat belt. However, only 1.4% of rear seat passengers wore a seat belt. The adherence of the front seat passengers was not as that of the drivers although there were police staff at the gates to the campus and spot checks on the roads frequently result in fines. Researchers also reported that they could see front seat occupants putting on their seat belts as they approached the gates (McIlvenny, 2006 p.3). Health Services The Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is a new service in Oman. It has been developed due to the increase in the prevalence of RTAs. Currently, it is run by trained Emergency Medical Technicians under the sponsorship of the ROP Ambulance Division. The service covers most of the country and responds mainly for trauma emergencies. It is free of charge for all people in Oman. There are plans to increase its coverage to the whole country by 2012. The EMS in Oman has hard challenges especially in terms of geographical constraints (Alshaqsi, 2009). In addition, Oman has one large trauma centre, which opens the discussion for equity in the country in terms of differences in accessibility between urban and rural areas. Religion Islam is the dominant religion in Oman with small representations of Christian, Hindu and Bodehies. Religion in Oman forms a vital part of the community life. In Islam violating the legislation is unacceptable, thus death caused by a RTA is considered to be a murder or a suicide, which are major sins not only in Islam but in all religions. However a Fatwa, which is a reliable regulation on a point of Islamic law, was declared by the highest religious authority in the country; this Fatwa represented the Islamic point of view on the RTA, yet there have been no changes or decrease in the prevalence of the RTAs since the initiation of this Fatwa (AlKalili, 2011). Priority Intervention TO control RTAs IN Oman Most of the factors mentioned above are, in fact, enabling if mobilized effectively within the community to reduce the prevalence of RTAs. Thus, this section will highlight improvements to be considered in order to strengthen the public policy, health services and health education to control RTAs in Oman. Although the priorities in road safety policies cannot be global in nature because of the differing patterns of traffic and RTAs around the world, he supporting evidence on the effectiveness of the suggested interventions is mainly from western countries, which constitute a lot of differences in terms of context. That is because of the very small amount of road safety research that is done in Oman and neighboring countries, especially in the interventions that are suggested in the next section. However, the implementation of these interventions is feasible in the context of Oman. Public Policy The strict application of the existing legislation and its penalties is very essential, then benchmarking of some other safety legislations, which were shown to be effective in other countries, could be adopted. One of these legislation, for instance, is the mandatory use of rear seat-belts and child restrainers, which proved effective in reducing the seriousness of injuries thus reducing the of fatality, especially among the most vulnerable age groups, children and young adults. (Kendall and Bodiwala,1994). Readjusting the speed limits according to the international recommendation and then strict enforcement of it will result in fewer injuries. A good example of the effect of such legislation is the introduction of speed cameras in London over a six year period, which resulted in a remarkable reduction in deaths and serious injuries (West,1998). Safer design of roads and roadside environments is also important, especially in the rural areas of Oman where the roads are narrow and not straight, have no lights at night and no side guardrails or crash barriers. These interventions have resulted in fewer injuries when implemented in other countries (Elvilc, 1995). Improvements In Health Services Although the health service in Oman has a well established infrastructure, there are some interventions that could improve RTA survivals when implemented and these can be categorized in to three stages, pre-hospital, in hospital and post-hospital trauma care; Pre-hospital trauma care Although the EMS in Oman is functioning well since it was started a few years ago geographical constrains do play a major role in the speed of arrival of the EMS to the place of the RTA, as the small population of the country is scattered in a large land area; there are people who live on the mountains and others deep in the deserts, and due to these constraints a community based pre-hospital strategy was suggested by WHO (2005). Basically, it is teaching some interested community members the basic first aid and pre-hospital trauma care techniques. Those first responders can be taught to call for help and provide the first aid until health-care personnel arrive to give the necessary care. These individuals could be, for instance, taxi drivers, high school students river, high school students or the community leaders. In-hospital trauma care One large trauma centre for the whole country is situated in the capital. However, the north side of the country is as far as 12 hours driving or a two-hour flight, which constitutes a high risk in transporting RTA traumatised patients to this national trauma centre. Thus providing this kind of services at the secondary hospitals that are situated almost in all the regions of the country can play a major role in speeding up the necessary interventions and improving the survival of the RTA victims. Post-hospital trauma care (Rehabilitation system) The centralised rehabilitation care for the RTA patients needs to be decentralised and made easily accessible to all the population and in this respect the equity issue, between the urban and rural, should be considered. In summary, in providing health services for the RTAs, to improve survival rates an integrated approach between the three levels of care is strongly recommended in the literature and has proven its effectiveness (Hedstrom and Garneski 2006) Health Education. Many educational programs have been established for the prevention of RTAs in Oman. However, there is no significant statistical data related to the effect of those programs. On the other hand, Wood and Bellis (2010) argue that comprehensive interventions that engage the community at large and combine strategies such as education programmes and traffic calming measures have shown their effectiveness in Australia, USA and UK. in reducing the incidence of RTAs. Conclusion RTAs are a major public health issue in Oman. In order to develop a health promotion approach to it, community mobilisation and empowerment along with improvements, reinforcement of public health policies and the health care services is the key to prevention and the reduction in injuries. Part Two: Roads: A Health Promoting Setting introduction Road traffic accidents (RTAs) is a growing public health problem in Oman; from the discussion in part one of this assignment, evidence showed the significant impact of changing and promoting the road settings as well as the enforcement of road safety regulations. This document will present a health promotion strategy taking the roads as the setting to be addressed in order to make roads safer for everyone. Aims To establish a sustainable infrastructure that promotes road safety, and to empower the community to make the appropriate health protecting decisions through advocating healthy public policies on road safety. To increase the level of knowledge and skills of RTAs prevention through the mass media. To address inequalities in health services for RTA casualties in Oman due to geographical reasons, and empower the community to build their capacity to reduce and prevent RTA injuries. To encourage young adults in the community (15 to 25) to change their aggressive driving behavior and adopt healthier attitudes towards road safety. Health Promoting setting Health Promoting Roads Although the literature studied did not directly discuss roads as a setting for health promotion, the majority of RTA prevention and health promoting strategies are directly linked to the roads and the road users. Thus I strongly believe that in the case of RTA prevention, roads are the appropriate setting for a road safety health promotion programme. This programme is going to target all the road users (drivers, passengers, cyclists and pedestrians) at a national level. Moreover, the programme will constitute multiple integrated approaches; firstly, the medical approach, which will aim to reduce. the premature fatality due to RTAs by advocating for community, participation in the provision of first aid for RTA victims in the rural areas, where the emergency medical services EMS could be delayed due to geographical constraints. Secondly, the educational approach, which will aim to provide the knowledge and skills to the targeted group in order to assist them to make an informed choice to adapt a healthy behaviour when using the roads. Thirdly, social change approach which will aim to focus on the public health policy changes and physical infrastructure changes and improvements of roads that will eventually lead to safer roads for every one (Naidoo and Wills 2009; Bener and Crundall 2004) Tones framework model on health promotion (1994) explains the relationship between health education and health promotion. However, this framework could be adapted in this assignment to also explain the relationship of the different approaches used in order to eventually empower the community.Working for empowerment enhances individual autonomy and enables individuals, groups and communities to take more control over their lives(Naidoo and Wills 2000 pp.108-109). HEALTH Lobbying, Advocacy Health services Health promotion organisations Critical consciences arising Agenda setting Empowered participating community Public pressure Empowerment Health choices Professional education Education for health Healthy social and physical environment Healthy public policy (Adapted from Tones and Tilford 1994, cited in Naidoo and Wills 2000 p.108 AIM 1: To establish a sustainable infrastructure that promotes road safety, and to empower the community to make the appropriate healthy decision through advocating healthy public policy on road safety. Objectives Activities To identify and compile existing best practices in road structure, which promote road safety for all road users. Arrange meeting with the stakeholders involving experts to agree on the means of researching and gathering evidence Involve the community leaders to give their input Introduction of new speed limit legislation Introduction of rear seat belt legislation Introduction of child restrainers in cars Advocate for new legislation, providing the evidence of its effectiveness in promoting the road safety and prevention of RTAs. AIM 2: To increase the level of knowledge and skills of RTAs prevention through the mass media objectives Activities stakeholders Improve the community understanding of safety road usage, to enable them to change their behavior toward safer roads utilization Road safety campaigns using the mass media Radio drama and road posters on the following issues; Use of seat belts, front, rear and child restrainers Speed limits, the consequence of adherence to legislated limits. Compulsory regular breaks for the bus drivers -Director of the media in the country -Police authority Community leaders Experts in the field AIM 3: To address inequalities in health services for RTA causalities in Oman due to geographical reasons, and empowering the community to build their capacity to reduce fatalities due to RTA injuries. objectives Activities stakeholders Expand the EMS for all the country Empower some of the community members to participate in pre-hospital care. Train motivated community members like high school students, taxi drivers and community leaders in providing first aid and trauma life saving techniques. Short courses provided by trainers from paramedical training institution in a community setting like schools or the social gathering places (common in rural areas). Legal authority Training institutions Police authority Community leaders Schools managers AIM 4: To encourage young adults in the community (15 to 25) to change their aggressive driving behavior and adopt healthier attitudes towards roads safety objectives Activities stakeholders Introduce a road safety programme in high schools To adopt criteria for licensing which includes the attitude of the driver . Road safety school curriculum for high school students Thought materials for driving schools Education authority Police authority School managers Driving training institution managers Evaluation plan of the health promoting roads program According to Naidoo and Wills (2000), the value of a health promotion intervention can be judged by considering the following criteria: effectiveness; were the aims and objectives met and to what extent (reduction of the RTAs), appropriateness; were the suggested interventions relevant to the problem, acceptability; were the interventions culturally and religiously sensitive, efficiency; how a resource was spent and equity; since it is a national programme did it cover all the country with the consideration of high vulnerability areas. Aims of the evaluation To assess short term outcomes: attitudes of the drivers on the roads in terms of adherence to the speed limits and seat belt regulations. To evaluate mid-term: process of implementation. To assess the long term outcomes: achievement of the goals Objectives The short term evaluation of the programme will be done after one year to evaluate the process of the implementation and after four years to assess the impact of the programme in the prevention of RTAs and reducing the severity of injuries Short Term Evaluation and Verification Means Number of stakeholders who participated in the planning process Number of the community leaders who participated in the traffic legislation changes Number of the new traffic legislations initiated Number of mass media programmes initiated Number of traffic offences due to poor compliance with the seat belt and speed regulations. Number of community volunteers enrolled in the trauma first aid programme Mid-Term Evaluation and Verification Means Number of road infrastructure changes, improvements and maintenance projects planned and budgeted School road safety curriculum implementation Long-Term Evaluation and Verification Means Percentage of RTA reduction from all the regions in the country. Percentage of deaths, injuries caused by RTAs and the type and severity of the injuries. Sustainability of all the initiated interventions Research of changes in high school students behavior in regard to aggressive driving and speed limits. Changes and improvements in experts inspection and evaluation of the roads infrastructure. Conclusion Safer Roads for Everyone is a health promoting programme that will include many detailed interventions, but it is not intended to be a rigid plan. The plan and targets will be reviewed periodically to take account of new ideas from all stakeholders and the community, also to consider new evidence based interventions and new technologies. A Road Safety Advisory board will be initiated to assist in the review of the whole process.

Positive Learning Environments

Towards the end of this week’s blogging- say Monday or Tuesday, consider the following question together: Why do you think that sound classroom management is important? As a result of your reading, viewing and discussion so far, what elements do you believe a teacher should consider when planning for a positive, happy and effective classroom? Your 500 word journal reflection should be about something that you have learned this week through your reading, discussion and interaction on this blog.I believe that creating a positive environment is not just creating a colourful and inviting atmosphere it is creating an emotionally stable, nurturing and constructed atmosphere with respect for students and teachers alike. I feel Classroom Relationships are a essential part to creating a constructive learning environment and a Teacher should build up a retepore with his/her students as soon as meeting them should endeavour to get to know the students eg: getting students to fill out a q uestionnaire about themselves, likes, dislikes, interests even maybe a personal development sheet. Team Building, response systems and Interactive Learning should be planned into creating an effective classroom environment. Encouraging students to interact and to value each other’s idea's. The outlined steps on the following site are also more elements I believe a Teacher should consider when planning for a positive and effective classroom. To create a Positive Physical and Emotional Environment with Effective Displays for a positive atmosphere and visual supports. (Posters, finished work, inspiring artwork and saying's. ) Teachers need to create and maintain the classroom discipline system; the students should be involved in making suitable consequences for classroom disruptions and maintaining the consequences when they break the rules established. Behaviour Management and classroom control is used to establish and maintain boundaries and establish rules to how students should act in the classroom. While using Cooperative Learning and Quiet Acoustics, reduced noise in the classroom helps keeps students on track. The article lists the following as some examples to establishing a positive classroom environment: â€Å"Lead your students by example. Changes begin with the teacher's positive caring attitude and thoughtful construction of the physical environment. Begin each class greeting students with a smile and a personal welcome. Help each child feel important and set a positive tone to the class. Organize your classroom neatly and methodically to control confusion and stress. Related article: Cda Competency Goal # 1 You and the students need to know where to find books and materials at all times. Plan lessons that allow students to actively participate in the learning process, and arrange the desks to meet the needs of the students and lessons. Teach children to set measurable academic and behaviour goals. Acknowledge the completion of the goals with stickers, treats, public announcements and certificates. Search for students ‘strengths and build on them. Put activities in your lesson plans that allow every child to feel a measure of success. Providing positive and effective feedback frequently, praise is an excellent motivator, this will enable a respect between Teacher and student which enhances the students' feelings of belonging and safety this is an essential part of the emotional environment in a classroom. Teachers should also make sure students feel as if they can express themselves and know the outlets the teacher wants them to use such as making appointments with the teacher or a box in the classroom for concerns they don’t know how to express verbally.

Account for the Geographical Characteristics of the Southern Chesapeake colonies at the end of the eighteenth century

The Southern Chesapeake colonies consist of Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina and Georgia. The settlement of the Southern Colonies started at Jamestown Virginia and it was led by Captain John Smith who also became the first Governor of Virginia. The Southern and Northern Settlements both grew up for different reasons. Whilst the Northern settlements grew up to seek refuge from Religious persecution (Jenkins, P, 1997) the Southern Colonists went out to make money and produce goods for England, mainly Mediterranean goods such as citrus fruits, wines and silk. Richard Hakluyt, who was a geographer for the court of James 1st and advisor to the London Plymouth Company, advised that the Southern Colonies would be ideal place to settle. However his choice of settlement was based purely on assumptions and it was not taken into account the East coast of a country was very different to the West coast (Mitchell, R, D, 1983). As a result tobacco became the staple crop and Virginia, which has been described as growing from smoke. This essay will look at how the Southern colonies continued to grow during the 18th Century and the geographical characteristics of that growth. At the start of the 18th century the population of the colonies was only 250,000, however by 1785 this had risen to around 2. 5 million. The population was growing fast and by 1820 the population of the United States had overtaken Britain. Due to the rapid explosion of the population, it was forced to distribute over a greater area of land. In the Southern colonies the population occupied almost all of the land east of the Appalachians, which included many fertile mountain valleys, ideal for growing crops and rearing animals (McIlwraith, T. F, et al, 2001). After about 1740 Maryland and Virginia experienced settlement change. The Piedomont and Great Valley regions filled with settlers that imitated the Northern colonies with a mixture of grain and livestock farming. The population of the South was rapidly increasing yet it was still predominately rural as people took up more land than they actually needed. This was due to the fact that there was a big lust for ownership of land at the time and it was desirable to own land. In 1786, 3 years after the Treaty of Paris, there was a surge to claim it as there was a cadastrol survey of the land, by the Land Ordnance. Middleton, R, 2002). People wanted to claim the land before it was surveyed in the hope that they could claim the rights to it. The urbanization of the Chesapeake region up to the 1700's had been very slight, as it had been built up as a fragmented and rural society. As opposed to the North, who were there to be independent from England, the Southern Colonies were there to produce goods for England and the rest of the world. Thomas Jefferson said â€Å"We have no Towns of any significance† (Thomas Jeffereson, 1801), because of how fragmented the Chesapeake society was and because there was very little social cohesion. Thomas Jefferson proposed that the land be split up into rectangles and the land, along with the title, be given free to the yeomanary (Earle, C, 2003). However this is not how it happened, and Congress intervened insisting that land would be sold in order to produce revenue for Government. Consequently, speculators, land companies and individuals eyed obvious town sites, rivers, fording points, junctions of two rivers, harbours and defensive positions that lay well ahead of the frontier and surveyed land. Actual Settlers, as they were known, were confronted by angry natives not happy at their land being squatted on by these hopefuls. As a result battles ensued and the army was called in to enforce order and in some cases expel settlers from the land that they had tried to lay claim too. The South, which was dominated by a labour intensive agricultural system, had a much longer growing season than the Northern Colonies. As a result of this they convinced themselves of the need for slave labour and continued to use imported slaves well into the 19th Century (McIlwraith, T. F, et al, 2001). Slaves were a major factor behind the growth of the South, without them there would have been a great shortage of labour. Plantation owners found that slaves were cheap when compared to indentured labour. This was labour that would work for their employer for a set number of years and then be free to go and work where ever they wanted. The cost to a plantation owner of a free white servant would be ar ound i20 per year. For an extra i7-8 a planter could have â€Å"a slave for life! † (Middleton, R, 2002). This reliance on slaves left the South with a very unskilled labour force, the full affect of this not being felt until the start of the industrial revolution in the 19th century. In the South skilled workers like smiths, joiners, wheelwrights and leather workers were all moving out to the countryside to become plantation owners. The expense of free labour forced people into this (Middleton, R 2002). Not only was it a skilled labour force that was missing but also there was a lack of merchants, traders and artificers, these people being crucial in exporting and selling the goods. However this did not cause a problem in the tobacco region of Virginia because they exported directly from their plantations. It was is the Carolinas that this lack of merchants was apparent because they did not ship from their own plantations but had to transport their goods to central warehouses. As the Southern colonies adopted a more northern approach to agriculture, the need for slave labour should have been reduced, but this was not the case due to the fact that there was a big demand for cotton, which was very labour intensive. This was a result of the revolution in America and the industrial revolution in Britain, This had a big impact on the industry in the southern colonies both socially and spatially. One aspect of this industrialisation process was the iron industry. In 1775 the colonial iron industry turned out 15% of world production (McIlwraith, T. F, 2001). The geographical influences of iron was bog ore, which was used to produce the iron, which was reduced in furnaces. These furnaces were heated by hardwood, located in the hill country, which was cut to make charcoal. The owners were able to control large areas of woodland and also influence settlement due to the huge demand that the iron industry had on labour. The products that they produced remained mainly in America but it was important process in the industrialisation of America. Another aspect was the huge demand for cotton and Britain became a major importer of American Cotton. The cotton industry had its origins in the coastal regions of South Carolina. Cash crops like Rice, Indigo and cotton were plantation crops grown on the chain of Sea Islands situated along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia (McIlwraith, T,F, et al, 2001). However due to market and environmental factors rice and indigo quickly vanished as cash crops but as settlements moved further inland it was cotton that was deemed to be the staple crop. It was suited well to the climate and the soil conditions and the people readily exploited this by mono cropping. By doing this they were never giving the soil a chance to recover and its implication on settlements was that it pushed them further and further west in search of quality fertile land. Further South stood the capital, Charleston, which was established in 1692. Originally it experienced very slow growth but from about 1730 onwards it steadily grew and by 1775 the population had grown to 12,000. Charleston, South Carolina, became the leading port and trading centre of the South. There the settlers quickly learned to combine agriculture and commerce, and the marketplace became a major source of prosperity. The naval stores industry was very important to the Southern Colonies. The South was an area that had a rich supply of pine trees, pitch, tar and resin that was required by the Royal Navy (Knox, P et al, 1998). It was able to provide some of the best ship building materials in the world. Up until the 18th century the Royal navy had obtained its supplies from the Baltic, but due to uncertainties of supply they switched their source to the Carolinas. The production soon shifted to North Carolina as rice production became of greater importance in South Carolina. Unlike Virginia, the Carolinas were not bound to a single crop, making them a more economically sound area to settle. The land enabled them to extract raw materials but also grow goods that could be exported. As a result of the Carolinas producing different crops, and the need to keep moving on, there was a difference in the type settlements that emerged. In contrast to South Carolina, the urbanization of North Carolina was very slight and it was only a very few inland areas that urbanized, an example being Salem, whilst its coastal areas, such as Wilmington, remained very small. This can be put down to the fact that North Carolina was not concentrating on a crop but extracting raw materials, so movement would have been regular (Earle, C, 1992). The late 18th Century southern colonies can be characterized in many different ways geographically. At Virginia, the major geographical characteristic was the land. The Jamestown Settlement was made up as a profit orientated trading station rather than a socially cohesive agricultural settlement. People needed to grow tobacco to sell to England, so the rich planters had a lot of control over society. This meant that their plantations doubled up as urban places offering many services that you would expect to find (Middleton, R (2002). Further South, as well as the need of land for the cotton industry, was the need of the raw materials, needed for the naval industry. Due to the high use of slave labour, rurality of the settlements was not a problem. If labour was short they imported it, they never had to go looking for it. In the Southern regions they liked to invest in areas where they knew they could make the most money from the land that was available. Major outside influences on the Southern Colonies was the industrial revolution in England, which meant that there was big demand for cotton. As a result people were constantly on the look out for good fertile land and the population continued to spread. The industrial revolution brought with it factories and demand for products which added momentum to the spread and organization of the Southern Colonies.

Essay on Personality Characteristics of Introverts and...

There are two main theories that help identify a person’s personality type, the introvert or the extravert. These ideas became popular by: Carl Jung, he also believed that people at different times showed both characteristics of the introvert and the extravert. Most people are neither introverts nor extraverts they share a mix of the characteristics that define an introvert or an extravert. An introvert is a person that gathers their energy from within and requires time alone and would prefer to communicate by ways such as email and by writing and maybe texting they seem to prefer not to talk face to face and are not great public speakers. Introverts are often said to be reserved. They are often said to enjoy the quiet and this is what†¦show more content†¦They love to be active and do not prefer being alone. Being alone for an extrovert is often said to bring depression because they need others to stimulate them. They are said to think as they speak or after they have spoken. The extravert is likely to be a person that doesn’t fear to speak up in defense of a good cause whereas someone who is completely introvert would not speak up but would keep their thoughts to themselves. The extravert would be more likely to reach out to people and offer comfort and emotional support. If they were completely extraverted then in some situations where they may find themselves alone in life, such as a divorce or in the case of relocating to a different area where they have no acquaintances, they would be more than likely to suffer from depression and anxiety and would have a difficult time with being alone. I believe that most people are neither introverts nor extroverts but are a mix of both. There are many people who tend to display characteristics of the introvert and the extrovert. For example: I myself have many of the characteristics of the introvert and the extravert. 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